To find how the rate of reaction Essay Example for Free

To find how the rate of reaction Essay Results analysis This set of results appear, on the whole, to support my hypothesis. There is a general trend where the higher the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide, the faster more oxygen gas is produced. More oxygen gas would be expected to have been produced with the higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide because as the concentrations go up, the more oxygen is produced and this is how the strength of the hydrogen peroxide is measured. For example, 1cmiof 1V hydrogen peroxide will produce 1cmi. So, if we take the 10cmi 2. 5V hydrogen peroxide used in my investigation, if it had been left to fully decompose, 25 cmi oxygen gas would have been made. Therefore the 2. 5V hydrogen peroxide used in my experiment had fully decomposed, and no more oxygen gas could have been produced, which explains why the amount of gas produced levelled off at the end of the 5 minutes in which it was being tested. The hydrogen peroxide of higher concentrations continued producing gas after the 5 minutes in which I was timing the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide was up. I could not measure past 100cmi of oxygen gas, as my gas syringe was not large enough. My hypothesis was that where there is a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the rate of reaction is faster. We can see from my table and graphs that on the whole my results support this hypothesis. Saying this, there are still anomalous results. Having checked my 12. 5V hydrogen peroxide result twice, it was still a little slower rate of reaction than that of the 10V hydrogen peroxide (which I also checked twice). My results appeared to improve once I had checked them, although the results which I have plotted on my graph are averages of the two sets of results for each concentration of hydrogen peroxide. If there is an anomalous result, it will change the overall value of the averaged result, which can affect how accurately the results are shown. Other factors that can affect the results are: -That the experiment will not be timed accurately and that readings are taken at the wrong time, which gives an inaccurate result for that time. -The gas syringe did not work properly, for example if the gas syringe was broken or if it stuck, an accurate reading would not be possible as the pressure would build up inside the gas syringe until it moved. This wouldnt give an accurate result as the gas syringe would not show a different value every ten seconds. -The surface area of the liver used could also affect how well the experiment worked because if there were a greater surface area, there would be more area for the catalase to be in contact with the hydrogen peroxide, therefore more hydrogen peroxide would be exposed to the catalase in the liver. I would expect this to make the rate of reaction faster as there would be more catalyst readily available to speed up the reaction. -The size of liver used will affect the results, for example, if the size of one piece of liver was larger than another piece of liver used with the same strength and amount of hydrogen peroxide, the hydrogen peroxide containing the larger piece of liver will have a faster rate of reaction as it will contain more catalase. -Any error in measurement throughout the experiments in my investigation will affect the results in this investigation, for instance if the hydrogen peroxide was measured incorrectly, different results will be found which could possibly be anomalous. Most of these factors affecting my results are out of my control, such as whether the gas syringe is broken or the size and surface area of the liver (because it is almost impossible to weigh such a small piece of liver). The pieces of liver I used were only approximately the size of a grain of rice, although some were inevitable larger or smaller. Errors in my measurement, however, can be controlled and so I was very careful whilst measuring everything out and timing my experiments. Rebecca Allot 11Y Page 1 03/05/2007 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Boston Tea Party Essay -- essays research papers

The Boston Tea Party   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people have heard about the Boston Tea Party. When American’s dumped British Tea in Boston Harbor. But not everyone understands the importance of it, and why the Tea Party is still remembered today. It was on December 16, 1773, when American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians threw 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company from ships into Boston Harbor. â€Å"The Americans were protesting both a tax on tea (the Townshend Acts) and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company (also the called English East India Company)† (Britannica p.1). The Townshend Acts were a series of four acts passed by the British Parliament in an attempt to assert what it considered to be its historic right of colonial authority through suspension of a recalcitrant representative assembly and through strict collection provisions of additional revenue duties. The British-American colonists named the acts after Charles Townshend, who sponsored them. â€Å"The Suspending Act prohibited the New York Assembly from conducting any further business until it complied with the financial requirements of the Quartering Act (1765) for the expenses of British troops stationed there† (Britannica p.1). The second act, often called the Townshend duties, and imposed direct revenue duties payable at colonial ports, on lead, glass, paper, paint, and tea. It was the second time in the history of the colonies that a tax had been levied solely f...

To Rule the Night

â€Å"To Rule The Night† by James B. Irwin English 10 2/14/09 â€Å"As we flew into space we had a new sense of ourselves, of the earth, and of the nearness of God. I sensed the beginning of some sort of deep change taking place inside of me† -James B. Irwin The author’s purpose in the biography, â€Å"To Rule The Night,† by James B. Irwin, is to inform the reader of his life, particularly his trip to the moon and how God opened doors for him to share the word with thousands of people. Also in his book he talks about his childhood and how his father was a big Air force addict which influenced him to join the military. He also talks about what happened when he got back to Earth, about all the interviews, and the famous Postage stamp incident that occurred between the crew and a German stamp dealer. (64)â€Å"†¦to show that our good postal service delivers any place in the universe, I have the pleasant task of canceling , here on the moon, the first stamp of a new issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dave went on to sell all the new stamps to the German stamp dealer. I believe that he did achieve in informing me on his journey to the moon and his life. I did enjoy this book also I thought it was encouraging how he was saved, (60) â€Å"certainly God had been watching over us that day. † I think this book was meant for who ever was reading it because of all the interesting details, any kid could be interested in because he talks about living in zero Gs and how you eat with no gravity. (24) â€Å"All food containers were labeled A, B, C, D, E, and all meals were color-coded†¦. So if a meal floated by and you identified it as red, you could say, ‘Hey Dave you’ve lost your entree. Also for an adult because of the actual story of it the fact that he went to the moon and the maturity it was written in. It was appealing even from a Christian stand point because no matter where you are God can work in you. Well I believe the message I got from it was that God is everywhere and loves us enough to make the moon and all the stars. One of the themes that I noticed was he was a hard worker and was a respectful person. But I noticed a difference in him after he got saved; he was happier and was looking for opportunities to share the gospel. Well a element that contributed to the theme has to be the vastness of space, because how can you go into space and not realize how magnificent God is if this is just what He made. The tone of the book seemed to be a very experience filled life. He did well in high school, joined the military, went into the air force, became a pilot, joined the space program, went to the moon, and became a revived Christian. Well while reading the book some elements that helped me identify the tone was the detail everything was described, (48) â€Å"Of course, you are constantly dodging rocks and craters. You hit a rock and you are literally airborne. You just bounce into space, float for a while, and then come down. † I think first of all the authors purpose, like I said before was to inform us of his adventure, and the tone just goes along with it. He seemed to be a well educated man with great imagination and ability to retain facts, individual moments and tell it back to you so that you felt like you were right there with them. (33) â€Å"I wish we had such things as drops in space, but without any up of down, water doesn’t drop out. It just makes a blob, and the blob just keeps on getting larger and larger. The vocabulary was not hard to understand; almost anyone could have read this book really. But at the same time it wasn’t to simple to were you thought the book was for a child, (127) â€Å"My new home was a rambling wooden building up on the hill that must have been the old officers quarters back during World War 2. † There really weren’t an y unusual qualities, except that the way that the book was written. It started out with his journey to the moon, then his childhood and worked its self back up. The book had much detail and really did a great job of catching my attention. Also I enjoyed reading this book because I thought I was on the moon. But it wasn’t just that that caught my attention at the end of the book was the best part to me, (200) â€Å"There were 5000 in the audience, with the floor and aisles packed absolutely to capacity. I had a terrible stomach ache, and I asked the Lord to give me the right words and to give me strength. He really answered my prayer. About a hundred people came forward, and I felt that we had enjoyed a great experience. † Well, I think that, if you mean James B Irwin when you say â€Å"subjects†, he accomplished a lot in his life. That his life is an example that you can go to the moon and god still not be done with you. (203) â€Å"I have a sort of clarifying sense of uncovering Gods plan for my new life on earth. God has permitted me to live on top of the mountains, and when I have been cast down, He has brought me back on the tops of the hills again. Being able to give my testimony before people without fear, to share my spiritual voyage and to ask them to accept Jesus Christ, has been a tremendous experience for me. † He seemed to emphasized in the end of his book the importance of his wife and there relationship with God. 205) â€Å"The whole experience in the Holy land was the most inspiring to way to turn the corner of the old year into a new year for High Flight. The experience moved us and gave us a chance to rededicate ourselves to each other as a family and to our mission. † Well since the book was a biography there were many environments, when he was in space, on the moon, coming back , all the press, his child hood, his marriage problems, sharing the gospel round the world. But, something I noticed was he was never prideful or self centered, (180) â€Å"Frankly I do not care for all the fame and publicity†¦. A historical detail was, (18) â€Å"We knew that if we cleared the tower we had reasonable chance of survival if something should go wrong. I watched all the systems I was responsible for on my side of the spacecraft. We cleared the tower. It was almost the happiest moment of my life to realize that after all those years it was now my turn. At last I was leaving the earth. † I think that it has a major effect on him, (43) â€Å"There was a excitement of exploring a place where man had never been before, but the most exciting thing, that really moved me and touched my soul, was that I could feel Gods presence there. Something that I learned from him was that his NASA training was hard and he almost dropped out, (180) â€Å"I had been so program med I was like a robot. I had to eat, drink, sleep, and dream my work- I had to be saturated†¦. When I told Mary that I might drop out of the program†¦ † I learned from him, when he didn’t drop out, I learned that you have to persevere threw hard times. I want to join the Navy and I know that its going to be hard but it was herd for him and his wife, but he didn’t drop out or give up. The only main incident that he brings up in the end of the book was his relationship with his wife. He talk about how much happier they are together and that God has really helped them grow together. (205) â€Å"Mary is a lot closer to me bow that she has been-we have both changed a great deal, and she is tremendously reinforcing me. † It reveals that when it comes down to it none of his experiences matter to him, just him, his wife and God. (211) â€Å"Mary, you know, is the greatest nurse I could ever ask for. And she took care of me the way she did ten years before, after the crash. It has been an ideal relationship since I got back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After reading this book I would say that God is great because, James Irwin had grown up in a Christian home but, never truly followed Christ until he went to space. Afterward, you see a huge difference in his life, and a growth of sincerity with his wife. I learned that I shouldn’t let my achievements or pride get in the away of my walk with God. And I think that James Irwin does a great job of setting that example. I chose this book because I was curious to what it was like to go to space and how it would affect someone if they did. Plus I didn’t really know too much about the Apollo missions and what they did. Some ways that I relate to him is my stubbornness; he was stubborn to his physical welfare, and im stubborn about my points of views. He told the press in his book that he never was physically fatigued while on the moon, but I remember him saying that he was on EVA2. Another way I relate to him is that he loved to fly. James B. Irwin wrote that he was depressed when he had his first heat attack because he couldn’t fly. I liked this book and really enjoyed reading it. I wasn’t too excited at first about reading a biography. But, it turned out to be a great book. A couple of reasons I like â€Å"To Rule The Night† was because of the detail he used to describe going to space, and how the book was geared toured God and trusting Him. One of my favorite parts of the book was when he described the living conditions of living in a no gravity environment. I like it because it’s different and unique; it’s not something you would find in any book. I wouldn’t change anything in the book it is well written and has much detail. I think anyone that is interested in the experiences of few, and how a Christian is suppose to live for Christ, would like this biography of James B. Irwin.

Fraud and Misrepresentation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1445 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Did you like this example? CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS AND REMEDIES 1 Legal Remedies for Fraud or Misrepresentation In a Business Environment Introduction In the business world where deals are struck and broken daily it is important to understand what the requirements are from start to finish, however beyond the fundamental scope to the creation of the original terms contracts agreements there are other underlying principles that must be explored that makes a contract voidable or invalid. This paper will explore the those principles that go beyond the scope of the formation, now you can start getting into the meats and potatoes of a contract agreements and find out what makes a contract invalid, what is involved fraudulent misrepresentation that persuades a person or party to false enter into a contract, what the types of damages there are and the equitable remedies for those damages and lastly the common law doctrines used to dissolve contract claims involving fraud and/or misrepresentation. What constitutes an invalid contract? When there is a situation involving fraud and the facts do not match or are not in accordance with the declaration of the contract, then it is good chance misrepresentation or fraud is involved to trick the person into entering into a contract which by law makes the contract voidable to the innocent party. (Cheeseman, 2013) If this happens the innocent party has the right to cancel the contract, ask for compensation or accept the contract and sue for contract damages. (Cheeseman, 2013) The Business Law states there are four elements of that must be used to prove misrepresentation or fraud has occurred. Those four elements are: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fraud and Misrepresentation" essay for you Create order The wrongdoer made a false representation of material fact. The wrongdoer intended to deceive the innocent party. The innocent party justifiably relied on the misrepresentation. The innocent party was injured. These four elements are what makes a contract invalid and voidable, whether orally or written and for these assertions to be enforceable as misrepresentation a preexisting or contemporary material fact played an important role in provoking the innocent person or party into a contract. (Cheeseman, 2013) There are several types of fraud that an innocent party could claim if the facts presented in the contract indicate a breach has occurred. The most common types of frauds in which a person or business may encounter involving fraud are the following: Fraud in the inception Fraud in the inducement Fraud by Concealment Silence as Misrepresentation and Innocent misrepresentation Undue influence and duress that can arise in the business context When there is situation when a person or business is incoherent to contractual terms of a contract agreement, but the other party knows about the terms of the contract agreement than according the Business Law defines this as undue influence in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which one person takes advantage of another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental, emotional, or physical weakness and unduly persuades that person to enter into a contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Cheeseman, 02/2013, p. 228) In order for a contract agreement to legit, both parties must be mentally, emotionally, and physically coherent and competent to the terms of the contract agreement for it to valid, if not then makes the contract void. (Cheeseman, 2013) In order for undue influence to be proven as stated in the Business Law literature the two underlying factors must exists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A fiduciary or confidential relationship must have existed between the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Cheeseman, 2013) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The dominant party must have unduly used his or her influence to persuade the servient party to enter into a contract.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Cheeseman, 2013) If a person or party is under duress, or put under pressure to perform or act because they were threatened or coerced into signing a contract, than the courts stipulate the there was no genuine assent to form the contract, as result this interpreted as fraud or misrepresentation, making the contract void, voidable or unenforceable. (Cheeseman, 2013) Types of damages and equitable remedies in contract cases In the case where there is breach of contract, the duty of care in which one party owes a duty to the other for performing an act is categorized into three levels complete, substantial, and inferior. (Cheeseman, 2013) Complete performance, also known as strict performance, occurs when the contracting parties fully execute the terms of contract as expected and required. (Cheeseman, 2013) Contract can be discharged Substantial performance, also known as a minor breach, occurs when the performance by a contracting party slightly deviates from complete performance of the contract. (Cheeseman, 2013) The non breaching party can recover damages Inferior performance, also known as material performance, occurs when a party fails to meet an and uphold to contractual obligations which hinders or destroys the very essence of the contract. (Cheeseman, 2013) Non-breaching party may either rescind the contract or recover restitution Non-breaching party may either affirm the contract or recover damages. Remedies for breach of contract are organized into two categories, monetary and equitable. Monetary damages include compensatory, consequential, liquidated, and nominal Compensatory Damages that compensate a non-breaching party for the loss of a bargain. It places the nonbreaching party in the same position as if the contract had been fully performed. (Cheeseman, 2013) Consequential Damages that compensate a non-breaching party for foreseeable special damages that arise from circumstances outside a contract. The breaching party must have known or should have known that these damages would result from the breach. (Cheeseman, 2013) Nominal Damages awarded against the breaching party even though the non-breaching party has suffered no financial loss because of the breach. A small amount (e.g., $1) is usually awarded. (Cheeseman, 2013) Liquidated An agreement by the parties in advance that sets the amount of damages recoverable in case of breach. These damages are lawful if they do not cause a penalty. (Cheeseman, 2013) Types of damages In the case where a person commits fraud, the innocent party can file a motion for tort liability which they could ask the court for compensatory damages the failure to perform , punitive damages. Some states requires stipulates that an innocent party must choose either between rescinded the contract or sue for the damage. However, some states stipulated that the innocent party can pursues both rescission and damage remedies. An innocent party injured by fraud in a contract for the sale of goods a can choose both rescind and sue for liable damages. Equitable Remedies Equitable remedies are remedies available to the innocent party when there is breach in a contract where legal remedies are not satisfactory to compensation to prevent or dissolve unfair enrichment. Sale contractsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ requiring an owed duty to perform a certain act obligates the parties to conform to the specified terms of the agreement under the Uniform Commercial Code UCC-2-301 and 2A-301. Generally equitable damages include specific performance, reformation, and injunction. (Cheeseman, 2013) Specific performance A court orders the breaching party to perform the acts promised in the contract. The subject matter of the contract must be unique. (Cheeseman, 2013) Reformation A court rewrites a contract to express the partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ true intentions. This remedy is usually used to correct clerical errors. (Cheeseman, 2013) Injunction A court prohibits a party from doing a certain act. Injunctions are available in contract actions only in limited circumstances. (Cheeseman, 2013) When those terms are breached the following remedies were instituted for sellor and lessor performance Right to Withhold Delivery Right to Stop Delivery of Goods In Transit Right to Reclaim Goods Right to Dispose Goods Unfinished Goods Right to Recover the Purchase Price or Rent Right to Recover Damages for Breach of Contract Right to Cancel a Contract When those terms are breached the following remedies were instituted for buyer and lessor performance Right to Reject Nonconforming Goods Or Improperly Tendered Goods Right to Recover Goods From And Insolvent Sellor Or Lessor Right to Obtain Specific Performance Right to Replevy Goods Right to Cancel a Contract Right to Recover Damages for No Delivery or Repudiation Right to Recover Damages for Accepted Nonconforming Goods Common Law Doctrine The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“common law doctrine is a contract law used by everyday people in which a contract or agreement was made that legally bin ds two parties to the agreement. Summary As stated in the Business Law literature, there are three requirements for a contract to exist, an offer, an acceptance of the offer, and consideration, which in this case all three are present. (Cheeseman, 2013) However for the contract to valid and enforceable, it must include an agreement between the two parties, reasonable consideration must given to perform and complete the contract terms, both parties must be mentally aware, knowledgeable capable of the terms of the contract or agreement they are entering from the beginning to the end, and last by law the contract must be legal to do according to federal and state statutes. (Cheeseman, 2013) Bibliography Cheeseman, H. (2013). Business Law (8 ed.). Pearson. Retrieved July 2014